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| Year : 2006 | Volume
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| Issue : 3 | Page : 121-5 |
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| Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits : Cross-sectional study in South India. |
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TR Saraswathi, K Ranganathan, S Shanmugam, R Sowmya, Prem Deepa Narasimhan, R Gunaseelan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
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 Abstract | | |
BACKGROUND: Smoking, drinking and chewing tobacco product, common habits in India have been positively associated with oral lesions. No study has been conducted in this part of Tamilnadu regarding the prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits. METHODS: A hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out at Ragas Dental College, Chennai. Already existing data of two thousand and seventeen consecutive patients from sub-urban areas of Chennai, who attended the outpatient department, at Ragas Dental College, for dental complaints during a period of three months in 2004, who underwent oral examination and interviewer based questionnaire was used. RESULTS: Oral soft tissue lesions were found in 4.1% of the study subjects. The prevalence of leukoplakia, OSF and oral lichen planus was 0.59%, 0.55%, and 0.15% respectively. The prevalence of smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages and chewing was 15.02%, 8.78% and 6.99% respectively. Smoking and chewing were significant predictors of leukoplakia in this population. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of leukoplakia, OSF and oral lichen planus in our study population is similar to those found in other populations. The prevalence of consumption of alcoholic beverages in our study population was higher when compared to the Indian National Sample Survey study. However the prevalence of smoking and chewing was found to be lower. Smokers were more likely to develop smoker's melanosis compared to other lesions. Among those who consumed alcoholic beverages alone, the prevalence of leukoplakia was higher compared to other lesions. OSF was the most prevalent lesion among those who chewed panmasala or gutkha or betel quid with or without tobacco. Keywords: Betel quid, areaa nut, panmasala, unfiltered cigarette oral submucous fibrosis, lichen planus, leukoplakia, Tamilnadu India, chewer′s mucosa oral lesions
How to cite this article:
Saraswathi T R, Ranganathan K, Shanmugam S, Sowmya R, Narasimhan PD, Gunaseelan R. Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits : Cross-sectional study in South India. Indian J Dent Res 2006;17:121 |
How to cite this URL:
Saraswathi T R, Ranganathan K, Shanmugam S, Sowmya R, Narasimhan PD, Gunaseelan R. Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits : Cross-sectional study in South India. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2006 [cited 2023 Jun 4];17:121. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2006/17/3/121/29877 |
| Introduction | |  |
Chewing, smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages have become connnon social habits in India According to the study conducted by Neufeld and his coworkers, using National Sample Survey (NS S) which is a representative sample of India, conducted in 1995-96, constituting 4,71,143 people 10 years and older, the prevalence of regular use of alcohol is 4.5%, smoking tobacco is 16.2% and chewing tobacco is 14% [1]. The prevalence of these habits was found to be more among men when compared to women. Also, the prevalence was higher among the rural population and those with no formal education [1].
Smoking, drinking and chewing have been positively associated with oral lesions such as oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), leukoplakia and oral lichen planus, which has the potential for malignant transformation [2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9]. The prevalence of OSF in India varies between 0.03% and 3.2% according to various studies conducted here [7],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14]. Also, higher occurrence of leukoplakia and cancer are observed in OSF patients and it is believed to be an important risk factor for oral cancer among youths [15],[16]. Prevalence of oral leukoplakia in India varies from 0.2%-5.2% [7],[10],[12],[13]. According to an Indian study at four urban centers, the prevalence of oral lichen planus varies between 0.02%-0.4% [10],[14],[17]. In yet another door-to-door survey of 7639 Indian villagers, the prevalence varies from 0.1%-1.5% [18]. However, no study has been conducted in Tamilnadu in this regard to our knowledge. We wanted to know the scenario of oral lesion's relation to habits in this part of the state. Therefore, a pilot hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out using already existing data collected during a period of three months at Ragas Dental College, Uthandi, Chennai, India
| Materials and methods | | |
Two thousand and seventeen consecutive patients from sub-urban and rural areas near Chennai, who attended the outpatient department, at Ragas Dental College, for dental complaints during a period of three months from 16 fsub of August to December 2004 formed our study group. Trained dental surgeons collected the data using a combination of clinical oral examination and standardized questionnaire. Information on habits and other characteristics of the study participants were acquired using the standardized, interviewer based questionnaire.
Analyses
Prevalence of oral lesions and habits were estimated using STATA statistical software version 7.0 (STATA Corporation 2001). Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of different variables on oral lesions. Univariate analysis was done to find the effect of each variable on the prevalence of leukoplakia among the study subjects.
| Results | | |
Profile of the study subjects
Table 1 shows the distribution of study subjects by basic characteristics. There were more males (63.75%) in the study population than females (36.25%). 17.15% of the study participants were in the age group of 13 to 20 years, 38.13% were in the age group of 21 to 30years, 21.47% were in the age group of 31 to 40 years and the remaining 23.25% were in the age group of 41 to 84 years. About 28.54% of the participants were either degree or diploma holders and remaining participants have had only school education or were illiterates. More than 85% of the study subjects come from families with monthly income between Rs 5,000 and Rs 10,000 per month, whereas less than 3% belonged to families with income less than Rs 5,000 per month.
Prevalence of habits
The overall prevalence of smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages and chewing were 15.02%, 8.78% and 6.99% respectively. Graph 1 shows the prevalence of habits by age. The prevalence of smoking was higher among men (23.25%) when compared to women (0.55%). Also, the prevalence of smoking is higher among the age group of 20 to 50, highest being in the age group of 20 to 31 (17.3%) and 40 to 51 (17.3%). More than 7 out of 10 smokers use lmfiltered cigarettes, as compared to the other types namely filtered cigarette, cigar and beedi. In this population, alcohol consumption was more common among men (13.37%) when compared to women (0.55%), with the prevalence being highest (11.44%) in the age group of 21 to 30. The use of beer, brandy and whisky was more prevalent compared to other alcoholic beverages consumed in this study group, namely arrack, wine, vodka andram.
The chewing habit was more prevalent in men (8.55%) as compared to women (4.25%), with highest being in the age group of 51-60. In women, the chewing habit was more prevalent when compared to the other two habits; wherein, in men it was the smoking habit that was more prevalent. The study participants were more likely to chew pan masala (commercially available processed areca nut product without tobacco) or gutkha (commercially available processed areca nut product without tobacco) (70%) as compared to other products namely betel quid, betel leaf with areca nut and lime, unprocessed and processed areca nut alone as can be seen in graph 2.
Prevalence of lesions
Oral soft tissue lesions were found in 4.1% of the study subj ects. In this study, smoker's melanosis was found to be the most common soft tissue lesion with the prevalence being 1.14%. Stomatitis nicotina palatini (0.89%) and leukoplakia (0.59%) were the second and third most common lesions. Table 2 shows that the prevalence of all lesions is more common in men when compared to women, but for chewer's mucosa. Among men, smoker's melanosis and stomatitis nicotina palatini were more prevalent compared to other soft tissue lesions, whereas among women leukoplakia and OSF were more prevalent. Majority of the oral soft tissue lesions were found among people aged from 41 to 60 years.
Prevalence of lesions in relation to habits
Study subjects who smoked had much higher prevalence of soft tissue lesions compared to those who did not. Same was the case among those who consumed alcoholic beverages and chewers. Smokers were more likely to develop smoker's melanosis compared to other lesions. Among those who consumed alcoholic beverages alone, the prevalence of leukoplakia was higher compared to other lesions. OSF was the most prevalent lesion among those who chewed panmasala or gutkha or betel quid with or without tobacco.
Effect (Univariate) of predictor variables on prevalence of leukoplakia
Table 3 shows the effect of different predictor variables on the prevalence of leukoplakia among the study subjects. The odds of having leukoplakia is 6 times higher for those who smoke [OR=6.82; 95% CI, (5.63, 8.01] as compared to those who do not. The odds of suffering from leukoplakia is about 5 times higher among those who chew as compared to those who do not [OR= 5.08; 95% CI, (3.75, 6.41]. The consumption of alcoholic beverages alone is not significantly associated with the prevalence of leukoplakia i.e, prevalence of leukoplakia did not differ between those who consumed alcoholic beverages and thosewho didnot.
| Discussion | | |
Cross-sectional studies are important in estimating the prevalence of a disease in the population and identifying the higb-risksub population. In this sample the prevalence of oral lesions was 4.1%, with the prevalence being greater for males than females. The prevalence of leukoplakia (0.59%), OSF (0.55%) and oral lichen planus (0.15%) in our study population is similar to those found in other previous studies conducted in India [7],[10],[12],[15],[17],[18].
The prevalence of alcohol consumption (8.78%) in our study population was higher when compared to the results reported by Neufeld and his coworkers using the Indian National Sample Survey sample [1]. However the prevalence of smoking (15.02%) and chewing (6.99%) was found to be lower. Smoking and chewing were significant predictors of leukoplakia in this population. However the association between alcohol consumption and presence of leukoplakia was not statistically significant.
In the present study, females were more likely to chew when compared to the other two habits (this goes with the finding that chewer's mucosa is the most prevalent soft tissue lesion among them). Also, the study shows that smoking is more prevalent in men when compared to the other two habits. Findings from the present study are similar to that of Hashibe et al [19] with regard to chewing and smoking habit being significant predictors of leukoplakia. However consumption of alcoholic beverages (any amount and all types mentioned in Graph 3) did notprove to be a significant predictor as found in the studies by Hashibe et al and Gupta [19],[20].
Data was collected as a chair side procedure, which involved oral examination and questionnaire administration. Since the information on the habits was gathered through questionnaire, there could be information bias, but this could only bias our results towards the mill. In this study detailed information could not be gathered on other predictors of oral lesions such as nutritional status and BMI (Body Mass Index); a more detailed and case control study is required to better understand the oral lesions and habits association in this population.
The findings from this study can be used to design case control or cohort studies to further understand the relation between habits and oral lesions. Studies of this nature could potentially help clinicians in identifying high-risk population and which would be most beneficial for providing better oral hygiene programs. Programs to improve oral health should be conducted regularly to promote oral health care in the population.
| References | | |
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| 2. | Gangadhran P, Paymaster JC: Leukoplakia-An epidemologic study of 1504 cases observed at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay, India, Brit J Cancer, 25: 657-68,1971. |
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Correspondence Address:
T R Saraswathi
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.29877
Figures
[Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3] Tables
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3] |
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| P H Shah,R Venkatesh,C B More | | Oral Diseases. 2017; 23(8): 1066 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Determination of role of ceruloplasmin in oral potentially malignant disorders and oral malignancy-A cross-sectional study |
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| P H Shah,R Venkatesh,C B More | | Oral Diseases. 2017; 23(8): 1066 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Pan masala habits and risk of oral precancer: A cross-sectional survey in 0.45 million people of North India |
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| Divya Mehrotra,Sumit Kumar,Shambhavi Mishra,Sandeep Kumar,Prashant Mathur,C.M. Pandey,Arvind Pandey,Kishore Chaudhry | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2017; 7(1): 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Pan masala habits and risk of oral precancer: A cross-sectional survey in 0.45 million people of North India |
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| Divya Mehrotra,Sumit Kumar,Shambhavi Mishra,Sandeep Kumar,Prashant Mathur,C.M. Pandey,Arvind Pandey,Kishore Chaudhry | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2017; 7(1): 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Estimation of Serum Beta 2-Microglobulin Levels in Individuals Exposed to Carcinogens: Clinical Study in Indian Population |
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| Rashmi Saddiwal,Manjula Hebbale,Vikrant Dilip Sane,Darshan Hiremutt,Rohan Gupta,Yash Merchant | | Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery. 2017; 16(1): 53 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Estimation of Serum Beta 2-Microglobulin Levels in Individuals Exposed to Carcinogens: Clinical Study in Indian Population |
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| Rashmi Saddiwal,Manjula Hebbale,Vikrant Dilip Sane,Darshan Hiremutt,Rohan Gupta,Yash Merchant | | Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery. 2017; 16(1): 53 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Prevalence of oral ulcers and its association with addictions in rural population of western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Rajasthan |
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| Santanu Chaudhuri,Somnath Dey,Ram Chandra Bajpai | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2016; 6(3): 179 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Prevalence of oral ulcers and its association with addictions in rural population of western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Rajasthan |
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| Santanu Chaudhuri,Somnath Dey,Ram Chandra Bajpai | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2016; 6(3): 179 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Immunohistochemical Expression of Podoplanin in Clinical Variants of Oral Leukoplakia and Its Correlation With Epithelial Dysplasia |
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| Brendan D’souza,Ramakant Nayak,Vijayalakshmi S. Kotrashetti | | Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 2016; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Immunohistochemical Expression of Podoplanin in Clinical Variants of Oral Leukoplakia and Its Correlation With Epithelial Dysplasia |
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| Brendan D’souza,Ramakant Nayak,Vijayalakshmi S. Kotrashetti | | Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 2016; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Prevalence of Deleterious Oral Habits and Oral Mucosal Lesions among Fishermen Population of Mahe, South India |
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| KSA Anzil, J Mathews, AG Sai, M Kiran, S Kevin, S Sunith | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2016; 17(9): 745 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Abnormalities in Dental Patients in Tamil Nadu |
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| C Gunasekar, S Mohanavalli, G Sree Vijayabala, VA Janagarathinam, S Suresh Kumar, U Rajesh Kumar | | World Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(4): 186 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Prevalence of Tobacco Habits in Dental Outpatients |
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| Podutwar Priyanka Diliprao, GS Madhushankari, KP Mohankumar, SB Praveen, Pramod Redder Chandrappa | | CODS Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 8(1): 9 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Comparative Evaluation of Micronuclei in Exfoliated Urothelial Cells in Patients with Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco-associated Lesions: A Prospective Quantitative Study |
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| Janaki Subramanian Iyer, Leela Poonja | | Journal of Contemporary Dentistry. 2015; 5(2): 93 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
A HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF BENIGN LESIONS OF ORAL CAV ITY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL |
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| Harish S Permi, Tanu Agrawal, Sajitha K, Shubha P Bhat, Kishan Prasad H L, Teerthanath Srinivas | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2015; 4(100): 16495 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Connecting cyto-nano-architectural attributes and epithelial molecular expression in oral submucous fibrosis progression to cancer |
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| Swarnendu Bag,Mousumi Pal,Amrita Chaudhary,Raunak Kumar Das,Ranjan Rashmi Paul,Sanghamitra Sengupta,Jyotirmoy Chatterjee | | Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2015; 68(8): 605 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Connecting cyto-nano-architectural attributes and epithelial molecular expression in oral submucous fibrosis progression to cancer |
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| Swarnendu Bag,Mousumi Pal,Amrita Chaudhary,Raunak Kumar Das,Ranjan Rashmi Paul,Sanghamitra Sengupta,Jyotirmoy Chatterjee | | Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2015; 68(8): 605 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
High Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Associated Oral Mucosal Lesion Among Interstate Male Migrant Workers in Urban Kerala, India |
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| Ottapura Prabhakaran Aslesh,Sam Paul,Lipsy Paul,Anandabhavan Kumaran Jayasree | | Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015; 8(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
High Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Associated Oral Mucosal Lesion Among Interstate Male Migrant Workers in Urban Kerala, India |
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| Ottapura Prabhakaran Aslesh,Sam Paul,Lipsy Paul,Anandabhavan Kumaran Jayasree | | Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015; 8(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Epidemiology of substance abuse in the population of Lucknow |
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| Sumit Kumar,Divya Mehrotra,Shambhavi Mishra,M.M. Goel,Sandeep Kumar,Prashant Mathur,Kishore Choudhary,C.M. Pandey | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2015; 5(3): 128 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Epidemiology of substance abuse in the population of Lucknow |
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| Sumit Kumar,Divya Mehrotra,Shambhavi Mishra,M.M. Goel,Sandeep Kumar,Prashant Mathur,Kishore Choudhary,C.M. Pandey | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2015; 5(3): 128 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Insight to a tobacco useræs mouth: An epidemiological study in Bhopal |
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| Preeti P. Nair,Rhiti Chatterjee,Annette Bhambhal,Kavita Agarwal,Pooja Khare,Shiba Neelkantan | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
Lesões maxilofaciais: um levantamento de 762 casos da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil |
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| Maria Luisa Silveira SOUTO,Marta Rabello PIVA,Paulo Ricardo Saquete MARTINS-FILHO,Wilton Mitsunari TAKESHITA | | Revista de Odontologia da UNESP. 2014; 43(3): 185 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Lesões maxilofaciais: um levantamento de 762 casos da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil |
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| Maria Luisa Silveira SOUTO,Marta Rabello PIVA,Paulo Ricardo Saquete MARTINS-FILHO,Wilton Mitsunari TAKESHITA | | Revista de Odontologia da UNESP. 2014; 43(3): 185 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Recurrent genomic alterations in sequential progressive leukoplakia and oral cancer: drivers of oral tumorigenesis? |
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| N. K. Cervigne,J. Machado,R. S. Goswami,B. Sadikovic,G. Bradley,B. Perez-Ordonez,N. N. Galloni,R. Gilbert,P. Gullane,J. C. Irish,I. Jurisica,P. P. Reis,S. Kamel-Reid | | Human Molecular Genetics. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
Assessment of oral mucosal lesions among psychiatric inmates residing in central jail, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India: A cross-sectional survey |
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| NileshArjun Torwane, Hongal Sudhir, RN Sahu, Vrinda Saxena, Eshani Saxena, Shubham Jain | | Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2014; 56(3): 265 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
Demographic Risk Factors, Affected Anatomical Sites and Clinicopathological Profile for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a North Indian Population |
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| Akhilesh Krishna,R.K. Singh,Shraddha Singh,Pratima Verma,U.S. Pal,Sunita Tiwari | | Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014; 15(16): 6755 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
Prevalence of Potentially Malignant Oral Mucosal Lesions among Tobacco Users in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |
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| Safia Ali Al-Attas,Suzan Seif Ibrahim,Hala Abbas Amer,Zeinab El-Said Darwish,Mona Hassan Hassan | | Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014; 15(2): 757 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 69 |
A Study to evaluate the Frequency and Association of Various Mucosal Conditions among Geriatric Patients |
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| RGK Shet, Shobith R Shetty, M Kalavathi, M Naveen Kumar, Rishi Dev Yadav, S Soumya | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2013; 14(5): 904 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 70 |
Urban legends series: oral leukoplakia |
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| PG Arduino,J Bagan,AK El-Naggar,M Carrozzo | | Oral Diseases. 2013; 19(7): 642 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 71 |
A STUDY ON TOBACCO USE AMONG RURAL ADULTS |
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| Rajesh Kumar Konduru,Sathiyasekaran B.W.C. | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2013; 2(15): 2493 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 72 |
A STUDY ON TOBACCO USE AMONG RURAL ADULTS |
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| Rajesh Kumar Konduru,Sathiyasekaran B.W.C. | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2013; 2(15): 2493 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 73 |
Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Male Smokers and Nonsmokers |
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| Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel,Parisa Falsafi,Zahra Hayati,Farzad Rezaei,Jalal Poorolajal | | Chonnam Medical Journal. 2013; 49(2): 65 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 74 |
L’alcool : une drogue licite aux conséquences bucco-dentaires non négligeables |
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| Catherine Pesci-Bardon,Isabelle Prêcheur | | Actualités Odonto-Stomatologiques. 2013; (262): 24 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 75 |
Autofluorescence Spectroscopy Augmented by Multivariate Analysis as a Potential Noninvasive Tool for Early Diagnosis of Oral Cavity Disorders |
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| C. Venugopal,Shaiju S. Nazeer,Anita Balan,R.S. Jayasree | | Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2013; 31(12): 605 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 76 |
Prevalence and Correlation of Oral Lesions among Tobacco Smokers, Tobacco Chewers, Areca Nut and Alcohol Users |
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| D. Sujatha,Pragati B. Hebbar,Anuradha Pai | | Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2012; 13(4): 1633 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 77 |
The oral health status of factory workers in bahadurgarh, haryana |
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| M. Sood,A. Blaggana,V. Aggarwal | | Journal of Pierre Faucharad Academy (India Chapter). 2011; 25(2): 117 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 78 |
Prevalence of Oral Soft Tissue Lesions in Sangli, India |
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| Raghavendra Byakodi, Anita Shipurkar, Sanjay Byakodi, Kalyani Marathe | | Journal of Community Health. 2011; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 79 |
Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in Vidisha |
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| Mehrotra, R., Thomas, S., Nair, P., Pandya, S., Singh, M., Nigam, N.S., Shukla, P. | | BMC Research Notes. 2010; 3(art no 23) | | [Pubmed] | | | 80 |
Loss expression of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation and its relationship to betel quid chewing in oral squamous cell carcinoma |
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| Sung-Hsien Huang, Herng-Sheng Lee, Kwei Mar, Dar-Der Ji, Mao-Suan Huang, Kan-Tai Hsia | | Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology. 2010; 109(6): 883 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 81 |
Oral mucosal disorders associated with habitual gutka usage: a review |
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| Fawad Javed, Milisha Chotai, Abid Mehmood, Khalid Almas | | Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology. 2010; 109(6): 857 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 82 |
A multicenter study of oral lichen planus in Thai patients : Oral lichen planus in Thai patients |
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| Kobkan Thongprasom, Pornpan Youngnak-Piboonratanakit, Surawut Pongsiriwet, Titikan Laothumthut, Patnarin Kanjanabud, Lalita Rutchakitprakarn | | Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry. 2010; 1(1): 29 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 83 |
The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in alcohol misusers in Chennai, south India |
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| Rooban, T. and Rao, A. and Joshua, E. and Ranganathan, K. | | Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2009; 20(1): 41-46 | | [Pubmed] | | | 84 |
Micronucleus Index: An Early Diagnosis In Oral Carcinoma |
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| Pratheepa Sivasankari, N. and Kaur, S. and Reddy, KS and Vivekanandam, S. and others | | J. Anat. Soc. India. 2008; 57(1): 8-13 | | [Pubmed] | | | 85 |
Prevalence of oral premalignant and malignant lesions at a tertiary level hospital in Allahabad, India |
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| Mehrotra, R. and Pandya, S. and Chaudhary, AK and Kumar, M. and Singh, M. | | Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2008; 9: 263-66 | | [Pubmed] | | | 86 |
Dental and oral health status in drug abusers in Chennai, India: A cross-sectional study |
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| Rooban, T. and Rao, A. and Joshua, E. and Ranganathan, K. | | Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2008; 12(1): 16 | | [Pubmed] | | | 87 |
The reported prevalence of oral lichen planus: a review and critique. |
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| McCartan, BE and Healy, CM | | Journal of Oral Pathology \& Medicine. 2008; 37(8): 447-453 | | [Pubmed] | | | 88 |
Tobacco habits and oral health status in selected Indian population |
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| Vellappally, S., Jacob, V., Smejkalová, J., Shriharsha, P., Kumar, V., Fiala, Z. | | Central European Journal of Public Health. 2008; 16(2): 77-84 | | [Pubmed] | | | 89 |
The reported prevalence of oral lichen planus: a review and critique : Prevalence of oral lichen planus |
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| B. E. McCartan, C. M. Healy | | Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine. 2008; 37(8): 447 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 90 |
Tobacco Habits and Oral Health Status in Selected Indian Population |
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| Sajith Vellappally,Vimal Jacob,Jindra Šmejkalová,Pilathadka Shriharsha,Vinod Kumar,Zdenek Fiala | | Central European Journal of Public Health. 2008; 16(2): 77 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 91 |
Tobacco Habits and Oral Health Status in Selected Indian Population |
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| Sajith Vellappally,Vimal Jacob,Jindra Šmejkalová,Pilathadka Shriharsha,Vinod Kumar,Zdenek Fiala | | Central European Journal of Public Health. 2008; 16(2): 77 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 92 |
Smoking Related Systemic and Oral Diseases |
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| Sajith Vellappally,Zdenek Fiala,Jindra Šmejkalová,Vimal Jacob,Rakesh Somanathan | | Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic). 2007; 50(3): 161 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 93 |
Smoking Related Systemic and Oral Diseases |
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| Sajith Vellappally,Zdenek Fiala,Jindra Šmejkalová,Vimal Jacob,Rakesh Somanathan | | Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic). 2007; 50(3): 161 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 94 |
Cytomorphometric study of normal buccal mucosa of alcoholic individuals |
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| Batista, A.B., Hase, E.D., Trindade Grégio, A.M., Ignácio, S.A., Sottile França, B.H., Soares de Lima, A.A. | | Pharmacologyonline. 2007; 1: 243-251 | | [Pubmed] | | | 95 |
Smoking Related Systemic and Oral Diseases |
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| Vellappally, S. and Fiala, Z. and vSmejkalova, J. and Jacob, V. and Somanathan, R. | | Acta Medica. 2007; 50(3): 161-166 | | [Pubmed] | |
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