| |
|
|
| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 29
| Issue : 1 | Page : 81-92 |
|
| Various bio-mechanical factors affecting heat generation during osteotomy preparation: A systematic review |
|
|
Chirag J Chauhan, Darshana N Shah, Foram B Sutaria
Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge and Oral Implantology, Ahmedabad Dental College and Hospital, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Web Publication | 12-Feb-2018 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Background: As implant site preparation and bone are critical precursors to primary healing, thermal and mechanical damage to the bone must be minimized during the preparation of the implant site. Moreover, excessively traumatic surgery can adversely affect the maturation of bone tissue at the bone/implant interface and consequently diminish the predictability of osseointegration. So, this study was carried out to evaluate the various biological and mechanical factors responsible for heat generation during osteotomy site preparation to reduce the same for successful osseointegration of dental implants. Study Design: A broad search of the dental literature in PubMed added by manual search was performed for articles published between 1992 and December 2015. Various bio-mechanical factors related to dental implant osteotomy preparation such as dental implant drill designs/material/wear, drilling methods, type of irrigation, and bone quality were reviewed. Titles and abstracts were screened and articles which fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for a full-text reading. Results: The initial database search yielded 123 titles, of which 59 titles were discarded after reading the titles and abstracts, 30 articles were again excluded based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and finally 34 articles were selected for data extraction. Many biological and mechanical factors responsible for heat generation were found. Conclusion: Literatures of this review study have indicated that there are various bio-mechanical reasons, which affect the temperature rise during osteotomy and suggest that the amount of heat generation is a multifactorial in nature and it should be minimized for better primary healing of the implant site. Keywords: Bone quality, dental implant drills, dental implant osteotomy, drilling methods, heat generation, type of irrigation
How to cite this article:
Chauhan CJ, Shah DN, Sutaria FB. Various bio-mechanical factors affecting heat generation during osteotomy preparation: A systematic review. Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:81-92 |
How to cite this URL:
Chauhan CJ, Shah DN, Sutaria FB. Various bio-mechanical factors affecting heat generation during osteotomy preparation: A systematic review. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Apr 1];29:81-92. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2018/29/1/81/225249 |
| Introduction | |  |
Dental implant is one of the effective treatment modalities for the replacement of missing tooth. The success of the implant depends on how strongly a bone can heal around the implant, a process known as “Osseointegration.” For successful implant therapy, the salvation of the vitality of the differentiated and undifferentiated cells of bone, which participate in osseointegration cascade and provide anchorage of endosseous implants to tolerate the functional load, is an important prerequisite.[1],[2] This osseointegration process is dependent on several factors, but the most important is the essential primary healing around the dental implant.[3] Thermal damage at the drilling site inhibits bone regeneration leading to hyperemia, fibrosis, osteocyte degeneration, increased osteoclastic activity, and necrosis, consequently being a major factor, influencing implant survival.[4],[5],[6],[7] There are numerous bio-mechanical factors, which contribute to the heat generation during drilling. Various strategies have been employed to reduce heat generation during implant site preparation, including variations in drill designs, methods of drilling, and coolant delivery. However, there is a lack of unanimity regarding the factors affecting heat generation and there is relatively little in the implant literature on these topics.
| Materials And Methods | | |
Search strategy
A broad search of the dental literature in PubMed added by manual search was performed for articles published between 1992 and December 2015. The key words searched were; Heat generation, Dental implant drills, Drilling methods, Type of irrigation, Bone quality, and Dental implant osteotomy. Manual searches of the references of all full-text articles and relevant articles, selected from the electronic search, were also performed.
Inclusion criteria
- Implant site
- Drill's characteristics
- Drilling methods
- Single/sequential drilling
- Continuous/intermittent drilling
- Mode of irrigation
- Internal/external irrigation.
- Study design
- Controlled experimental in vitro trials
- Randomized controlled trials.
Exclusion criteria
- Incomplete data
- Review articles
- Study articles related other than dental field
- Studies not meeting any of inclusion criteria
- History of any major–minor dental surgeries
- Any case report studies/case series
- In vivo animal studies.
Result of search
The database search yielded 123 titles, of which 59 titles were discarded after reading the titles and abstracts, 30 articles were again excluded based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and thus finally 34 articles were selected for data extraction [Figure 1].
Data extraction
Data of the finally included studies were tabulated and the following information were extracted: implant site, implant system, drill's characteristics, drilling methods, type of irrigation, temperature assessment, and the results of included research studies. No statistical analysis was done as this is a qualitative review study. [Table 1] summarizes data.[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40]
| Discussion | | |
Dental implant surgery process involves osteotomy preparation inside the bone, which causes heat generation due to the friction between the drill and bone. Overheating is constantly mentioned as a risk factor for bone necrosis that could compromise the dental implant primary stability. The negative effect of heat on bone results in the denaturation of the membrane and enzymatic proteins, decreased osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, hyperemia, necrosis, fibrosis, dehydration, and desiccation, which may all contribute to cell death.[41],[42],[43],[44],[45] This review study mainly concentrates on the factors, reducing the amount of temperature rise during the dental implant surgery for better osseointegration process.
Bone density
An atraumatic surgical technique for dental implant is critical. Heat generation during osteotomy preparation varies according to the bone quality. Bone usually varies in density from person to person, bone to bone in the skeleton, and from site to site in the same bone. Regarding the effect of density on the temperature generated, Yacker and Klein reported that bone density is a far greater indicator of bur temperature than depth of the osteotomy.[9] The architecture and vascularization of the bone play an important role in the reaction of bony tissue to the effect of heat. As the spongy bone is well supplied with blood vessels, it can dissipate the heat faster and thus has a greater capacity for regeneration than compact bone, which has a poor blood supply. Cortical bone is dense and contains little water, so its thermo-conductive capacity is higher than in the bone marrow, with relatively rapid conduction of heat, while spongy bone has a lattice structure and contains water and lipids. So, the generation of frictional heat in the cylinder wall of spongy bone is unlikely to spread at periphery.[8] Results of various studies shown that, irrespective of drill type, more heat was generated in the superficial part of the bone (compact bone) rather than osteotomy preparation in deep part of bone (cancellous bone).[25] As the duration of drilling is longer for the compact bone compared with the spongiose bone, the temperature increase was higher in the cortical (superficial) bone. This may explain why there is some bone resorption at the implant neck area immediately after placement when heating is not carefully controlled.[20]
Drill geometry
With the great variety of dental systems commercially available, comparison between the different designs and shapes of drills seems to be impossible. Root form implants vary considerably in design for biologic and mechanical reasons. One study suggested that the geometry of triflute burs has cutting efficacy with greater heat dissipation capabilities than twist drills.[13] Chacon had done study to measure heat generated in bone by three implant drill systems with different drill geometry. The 3-implant drill systems including system A (triple-twist drills with a relief angle), system B (triple-twist drills without a relief angle), and system C (double-twist drills with a relief angle) were evaluated. System A and C drills had temperature measurements below 47°C, even after 25 uses. The temperatures of system B drills exceeded 47°C from the initial use. When cutting the cortical bone, it took time to cut with the spiral drill from the tip, and a large amount of heat generation had been noticed during the drilling. The round bur having eight blades with greater cutting efficiency can complete the drilling in a short period of time. Before the cannon drill, the round bur should be used to remove cortical bone and the implant site is indented with drills of increasing diameter, which can lead to low heat generation in the cortical and spongy bone.[8] Thus, drill geometry plays a major role in heat production as unique relationships were observed between their temperature rise at the cutting site and cutting time.
Drill material/drill wear
The condition of the drill plays a role in regulating the temperature of bone during drilling. Much higher temperatures have been recorded when a worn drill was used. The sharpness of the drill was demonstrated to be a function of the number of uses, pressure, sterilization techniques, density of the sites, construction material, and surface treatment.[46] According to Mahmut Sumer, the stainless steel drill tested in study generated less heat than the ceramic drill at initial drilling. However, there was no statistical difference in heat production between these two drills at deeper site. The reason for the greater heat initially might be the lower heat conductivity of ceramics in compare to steels. Due to this low heat conductivity, localized accumulation of heat might occur in the friction zone.[25] In contrast, Koo had used three types of drills in study such as titanium nitride-coated metal, tungsten carbide carbon-coated metal, and zirconia ceramic drill to evaluate the effects of drill wear on bone temperature during osteotomy preparation and there was no significant difference between the drill materials.[31] The TiN-coated drills (Steri-Oss and Paragon) showed significantly lower removal rates and greater wear than noncoated drills.[16] The significant difference in temperature was noticed between the initial drills those had been used for 50 or fewer times and more than 50 times, irrespective of the drill material. Therefore, to minimize surgical trauma, well-sharpened drills are recommended.[31]
Drilling load/speed/torque
Less number of literatures are there showing importance to the amount of pressure and the resulting frictional heat generated. Matthews and Hirsch conducted a study in which they reported that the temperature recorded was inversely proportional to the drilling force. According to Brisman, the force applied on the handpiece was more influential than the speed of the drill in temperature elevation. They found that the drill speed was not the critical determinant of heat production, rather the difference in the drilling force was related to both the maximum temperature elevation and periods of temperature elevation. Increasing both the speed and the load together allowed for more efficient cutting with no significant temperature increase.[10] Abouzgia also suggested that drilling at a high speed and with a larger load was more efficient than using low speed and a lesser load.[12] In contrast, another study explained that gradual drilling induced less friction and less trauma to the bone as compared to conventional low-speed drilling took much longer duration time for drilling.[20]
Single versus sequential drilling
Drilling to widen the site to the exact diameter of the future implant can be performed either in one step or gradually. Study done by Benington showed higher heat generation with spiral drill during sequential drilling.[11] Gehrke had found that the single bur drilling protocol could not produce greater bone heating compared to the conventional protocol and may be considered a safe procedure. In contrast, study done by Lucchiari evaluated that the single-drill method induced a significantly greater variation in temperature than the traditional method, only when irrigation was used; without any irrigation, the difference in the temperature rise by the two methods was not statistically significant.[37] The use of a graduated series of drills to widen the site has been noticed as the procedure that results in only the removal of a small quantity of cortical bone, as the site has already been cut by the preceding bur in the series. Thus, single drill can be reliably performed without causing bone heating greater than that seen with standard sequential drilling techniques with required protocol.[46]
Continuous versus intermittent drilling
Whenever continuous drilling is performed, temperature will rise not only because of the lack of irrigation, but also due to the clogging effect of the bone debris on the cutting surfaces of the drill, which decreases its cutting efficiency and consequently increases the time required for bone bed preparation.[46] Strabac demonstrated that the highest temperature rise during implant osteotomies occurs during the withdrawing process which is influenced by predominant factors such as osteotomy depth and mode of irrigation. Clinicians should interrupt the drilling procedure at least every 5 s for at least 10 s and apply normal saline to the bone. This interruption will dramatically decrease the time the bone temperature is elevated.
Conventional versus unconventional drilling techniques
Nowadays in implant dentistry, considering the surgical and prosthetic points of view, the aim of all the procedures like computer-aided methods is the optimization of the implant's position, to assure the optimum biomechanical, functional, esthetic, and phonetic results, which minimizes the risk of surgical and prosthetic errors in implantology. A study done by Ferhat Misir evaluated that implant preparation using drill guides generates significantly higher temperatures compared to the classical preparation technique. This difference is due to the metal sleeves used in the drill guides which were not allowing irrigation fluid to reach the preparation sites while drilling.[19] More recently, special instruments for ultrasonic implant site preparation have been introduced. The main advantages of ultrasonic osteotomy include the selective cutting of hard tissue, the hemostatic effect on the surrounding tissue, and the generation of a gentle, precise cut without the need for excessive force. On other side, Dragana Gabric Panduric had done study to compare thermal changes after drilling with an Er: YAG laser versus a low-speed surgical drill. The temperature was statistically lower during the laser preparation. Cavities prepared with the laser were regular with clear sharp edges and knife-like cuts, with regular and sharp edges, without bone fragments and debris which resulted in lesser generation of heat in a shorter period of time. Thermal alterations in the treated surface were minimal.[29]
Mode of irrigation
Saline irrigation is mostly used for the prevention of the heat generation during osteotomy for the protection of the bone from the thermal damage. And also, most of the surgeons prefer cool saline solutions with the belief that they are more effective than the normal solutions for the reduction of the temperature. Benington had carried out study to compare the temperatures that were generated under external and internal irrigation systems during bone preparation for implants and observed that no statistical benefit was observed for one irrigant delivery system over the other. Gehrke had compared the results of the external irrigation technique with those of a double irrigation technique and result showed that the double irrigation technique produced a significantly lower rise of temperature in the cortical bone, which illustrated its greater efficiency compared with that of the external irrigation technique.[34] While on the other side Georg D. Strbac had evaluated the temperature changes during implant osteotomies between the combined irrigation system and commonly used external and internal irrigation under standardized conditions and concluded that an external irrigation method primarily reduces temperature during drilling in the superficial cortical bone areas even with an intermittent procedure, thus showing higher temperature generation in deeper cancellous bone areas with greater drilling depths. This study was able to demonstrate that an internal irrigation appears to be superior to a combined irrigation method during an intermittent graduated drilling osteotomy. In contrast, the use of combined irrigation primarily seems to be superior to an external irrigation method at greater osteotomy depths.[35] Saline solutions at lower temperatures are more effective in cooling the bone, and lowering the temperature is said to have an anti-inflammatory effect at the operation site.
| Conclusion | | |
Within the limitations of this systematic review study, the following conclusions could be drawn:
- As bone is more susceptible to thermal injury and temperature more than 47°C can result in osteonecrosis, care should be taken for atraumatic surgical technique which can lead to least heat generation
- D1 type of bone is more dense, less vascularized, and contains little water, so thermoconductive rate is higher. Avoid excessive temperature generation during surgical drilling for D1 type of bone with interrupted drilling sequence and combine irrigation technique
- Drill design – Drill geometry can affect the cutting efficiency and heat generations. While compared to stainless steel drills, ceramic drills lead to more heat generation during initial drilling, In contrast, less heat is generated with repeated use of ceramic drills as its wear resistance is more than stainless steel
- Drill deformation is directly proportional to the number of times drills were used. According to literature, drills should not be used for more than 40 osteotomies. Therefore, well-sharpened drills are recommended to minimize surgical trauma
- A rise in temperature of bone can be caused by independently increasing either the speed or load. However, increasing both the speed and the load together allows more efficient cutting without significant rise in temperature
- The single drill method induces significantly greater variations in temperature than the sequential method, but only with irrigation, without any irrigation, the difference in temperature variation with both the techniques is not significant
- The guided surgery technique generated a higher bone temperature than the classic drilling technique
- The heat production during ultrasonic implant site preparation is higher than conventional drilling
- Er:YAG laser produces implant site preparation with regular and sharp edges, with lesser heat generation, without bone fragments and debris, and in a shorter period of time
- Any drill or drilling method generates higher heat without water irrigation. Coolant availability is the predominant factor in determining bone temperatures. Constant external irrigation with saline solution provides sufficient cooling at all drilling depths, while internal irrigation appears to be superior to a combined irrigation method during intermittent graduated drilling osteotomy. In contrast, the use of combined irrigation primarily seems to be superior to an external irrigation at greater osteotomy depth.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Brånemark PI. Introduction to osseointegration. In: Brånemark PI, Zarb GA, Albrektsson T, editors. Tissue-Integrated Prostheses: Osseointegration in Clinical Dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence; 1985. p. 11-76.  |
| 2. | Mavrogenis AF, Dimitriou R, Parvizi J, Babis GC. Biology of implant osseointegration. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2009;9:61-71. [ PUBMED] |
| 3. | Albrektsson T, Brånemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindström J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:155-70. |
| 4. | Eriksson RA, Adell R. Temperatures during drilling for the placement of implants using the osseointegration technique. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986;44:4-7. |
| 5. | Kerawala CJ, Martin IC, Allan W, Williams ED. The effects of operator technique and bur design on temperature during osseous preparation for osteosynthesis self-tapping screws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:145-50. |
| 6. | Harris BH, Kohles SS. Effects of mechanical and thermal fatigue on dental drill performance. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001;16:819-26. |
| 7. | Sener BC, Dergin G, Gursoy B, Kelesoglu E, Slih I. Effects of irrigation temperature on heat control in vitro at different drilling depths. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20:294-8. |
| 8. | Watanabe F, Tawada Y, Komatsu S, Hata Y. Heat distribution in bone during preparation of implant sites: Heat analysis by real-time thermography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1992;7:212-9. |
| 9. | Yacker MJ, Klein M. The effect of irrigation on osteotomy depth and bur diameter. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996;11:634-8. |
| 10. | Brisman DL. The effect of speed, pressure, and time on bone temperature during the drilling of implant sites. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996;11:35-7. |
| 11. | Benington IC, Biagioni PA, Crossey PJ, Hussey DL, Sheridan S, Lamey PJ, et al. Temperature changes in bovine mandibular bone during implant site preparation: An assessment using infra-red thermography. J Dent 1996;24:263-7. |
| 12. | Abouzgia MB, Symington JM. Effect of drill speed on bone temperature. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;25:394-9. |
| 13. | Cordioli G, Majzoub Z. Heat generation during implant site preparation: An in vitro study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:186-93. |
| 14. | Abouzgia MB, James DF. Temperature rise during drilling through bone. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:342-53. |
| 15. | Jochum RM, Reichart PA. Influence of multiple use of timedur-titanium cannon drills: Thermal response and scanning electron microscopic findings. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000;11:139-43. |
| 16. | Benington IC, Biagioni PA, Briggs J, Sheridan S, Lamey PJ. Thermal changes observed at implant sites during internal and external irrigation. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002;13:293-7. |
| 17. | Ercoli C, Funkenbusch PD, Lee HJ, Moss ME, Graser GN. The influence of drill wear on cutting efficiency and heat production during osteotomy preparation for dental implants: A study of drill durability. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004;19:335-49. |
| 18. | Chacon GE, Bower DL, Larsen PE, McGlumphy EA, Beck FM. Heat production by 3 implant drill systems after repeated drilling and sterilization. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64:265-9. |
| 19. | Misir AF, Sumer M, Yenisey M, Ergioglu E. Effect of surgical drill guide on heat generated from implant drilling. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:2663-8. |
| 20. | Kim SJ, Yoo J, Kim YS, Shin SW. Temperature change in pig rib bone during implant site preparation by low-speed drilling. J Appl Oral Sci 2010;18:522-7. |
| 21. | Flanagan D. Osteotomy irrigation: Is it necessary? Implant Dent 2010;19:241-9. |
| 22. | Rashad A, Kaiser A, Prochnow N, Schmitz I, Hoffmann E, Maurer P, et al. Heat production during different ultrasonic and conventional osteotomy preparations for dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011;22:1361-5. |
| 23. | Oh HJ, Wikesjö UM, Kang HS, Ku Y, Eom TG, Koo KT, et al. Effect of implant drill characteristics on heat generation in osteotomy sites: A pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011;22:722-6. |
| 24. | Scarano A, Piattelli A, Assenza B, Carinci F, Di Donato L, Romani GL, et al. Infrared thermographic evaluation of temperature modifications induced during implant site preparation with cylindrical versus conical drills. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2011;13:319-23. |
| 25. | Sumer M, Misir AF, Telcioglu NT, Guler AU, Yenisey M. Comparison of heat generation during implant drilling using stainless steel and ceramic drills. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;69:1350-4. |
| 26. | Misic T, Markovic A, Todorovic A, Colic S, Miodrag S, Milicic B, et al. An in vitro study of temperature changes in type 4 bone during implant placement: Bone condensing versus bone drilling. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;112:28-33. |
| 27. | Bulloch SE, Olsen RG, Bulloch B. Comparison of heat generation between internally guided (cannulated) single drill and traditional sequential drilling with and without a drill guide for dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2012;27:1456-60. |
| 28. | Oliveira N, Alaejos-Algarra F, Mareque-Bueno J, Ferrés-Padró E, Hernández-Alfaro F. Thermal changes and drill wear in bovine bone during implant site preparation. A comparative in vitro study: Twisted stainless steel and ceramic drills. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012;23:963-9. |
| 29. | Gabrić Pandurić D, Bago I, Katanec D, Zabkar J, Miletić I, Anić I, et al. Comparison of Er: YAG laser and surgical drill for osteotomy in oral surgery: An experimental study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;70:2515-21. |
| 30. | Marković A, Mišić T, Miličić B, Calvo-Guirado JL, Aleksić Z, Ðinić A, et al. Heat generation during implant placement in low-density bone: Effect of surgical technique, insertion torque and implant macro design. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013;24:798-805. |
| 31. | Koo KT, Kim MH, Kim HY, Wikesjö UM, Yang JH, Yeo IS, et al. Effects of implant drill wear, irrigation, and drill materials on heat generation in osteotomy sites. J Oral Implantol 2015;41:e19-23. |
| 32. | Harder S, Egert C, Wenz HJ, Jochens A, Kern M. Influence of the drill material and method of cooling on the development of intrabony temperature during preparation of the site of an implant. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;51:74-8. |
| 33. | Gehrke SA, Bettach R, Taschieri S, Boukhris G, Corbella S, Del Fabbro M, et al. Temperature changes in cortical bone after implant site preparation using a single bur versus multiple drilling steps: An in vitro investigation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2015;17:700-7. |
| 34. | Gehrke SA, Loffredo Neto H, Mardegan FE. Investigation of the effect of movement and irrigation systems on temperature in the conventional drilling of cortical bone. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;51:953-7. |
| 35. | Strbac GD, Unger E, Donner R, Bijak M, Watzek G, Zechner W, et al. Thermal effects of a combined irrigation method during implant site drilling. A standardized in vitro study using a bovine rib model. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014;25:665-74. |
| 36. | Strbac GD, Giannis K, Unger E, Mittlböck M, Watzek G, Zechner W, et al. A novel standardized bone model for thermal evaluation of bone osteotomies with various irrigation methods. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014;25:622-31. |
| 37. | Lucchiari N, Frigo AC, Stellini E, Coppe M, Berengo M, Bacci C, et al. In vitro assessment with the infrared thermometer of temperature differences generated during implant site preparation: The traditional technique versus the single-drill technique. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2016;18:182-91. |
| 38. | Gehrke SA, Pazetto MK, de Oliveira S, Corbella S, Taschieri S, Mardegan FE, et al. Study of temperature variation in cortical bone during osteotomies with trephine drills. Clin Oral Investig 2014;18:1749-55. |
| 39. | Strbac GD, Giannis K, Unger E, Mittlböck M, Vasak C, Watzek G, et al. Drilling- and withdrawing-related thermal changes during implant site osteotomies. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2015;17:32-43. |
| 40. | Sannino G, Capparé P, Gherlone EF, Barlattani A. Influence of the implant drill design and sequence on temperature changes during site preparation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2015;30:351-8. |
| 41. | Anderson D, Van Proagh G. Preliminary investigation of the temperature produced in Burring. Br Dent J 1942;73:62-8. |
| 42. | Costich ER, Youngblood PJ, Walden JM. A study of the effects of high-speed rotary instruments on bone repair in dogs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1964;17:563-71. |
| 43. | Krause WR, Bradbury DW, Kelly JE, Lunceford EM. Temperature elevations in orthopaedic cutting operations. J Biomech 1982;15:267-75. |
| 44. | Lavelle C, Wedgewood D. Effect of internal irrigation on frictional heat generation from bone drilling. J Oral Surg 1980;38:499-503. |
| 45. | Moss RW. Histopathologic reaction of bone to surgical cutting. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1964;17:405-14. |
| 46. | Tehemar SH. Factors affecting heat generation during implant site preparation: A review of biologic observations and future considerations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999;14:127-36. |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Chirag J Chauhan
Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge and Oral Implantology, Ahmedabad Dental College and Hospital, Gandhinagar - 382 115, Gujarat
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_729_16
[Figure 1]
[Table 1] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Heat generation during implant site preparation and its effects on osseointegration: A review |
|
| Kanad Dhok, Mihir Adhikari, Atul Palange, Pankaj Dhatrak | | Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
In vitro evaluation of bioburden, three-dimensional stability, and accuracy of surgical templates without metallic sleeves after routinely infection control activities |
|
| Marco Tallarico, Aurea Immacolata Lumbau, Chang-Joo Park, Antonio Puddu, Franco Sanseverino, Rocco Amarena, Silvio Mario Meloni | | Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 2021; 23(3): 380 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
The Effectiveness of Osseodensification Drilling Protocol for Implant Site Osteotomy: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis |
|
| Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Ioana Roxana Bordea, Edit Xhajanka, Donato Mario Romeo, Mario Romeo, Carlo Maria Felice Zappone, Giuseppina Malcangi, Antonio Scarano, Felice Lorusso, Ciro Gargiulo Isacco, Grazia Marinelli, Maria Contaldo, Andrea Ballini, Francesco Inchingolo, Gianna Dipalma | | Materials. 2021; 14(5): 1147 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Influence of Drilling Technique on the Radiographic, Thermographic, and Geomorphometric Effects of Dental Implant Drills and Osteotomy Site Preparations |
|
| Lara Fraguas de San José, Filippo Maria Ruggeri, Roberta Rucco, Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho, Jorge Alonso Pérez-Barquero, Elena Riad Deglow, Sofía Hernández Montero | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(11): 3631 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Effects of the technique and drill design used during the osteotomy on the thermal and histological stimulation |
|
| Sergio Alexandre Gehrke, Tiago Luis Eliers Treichel, Jaime Aramburú Júnior, Piedad N. de Aza, Juan Carlos Prados-Frutos | | Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 9570 | | | Printed | 536 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 181 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 5 | | |
|
|
Users online:
